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USER'S MANUAL
******************************************
PARTFULL 1.1 - Gravity Flow in Round Pipes
******************************************
Solves capacity of sloped drains and sewers
that are part full. Computes flow, actual
depth, and actual velocity. Also calculates
critical velocity and critical depth for hy-
draulic jump analysis. User can select either
of two types of hydraulic elements; Manning
based or those based on observed data. Also,
User can choose either of two types of flow
formulas; the Manning or Kutter Formulas. Size
can be changed from 40 to 5 lines to increase
speed. Toggles between English and Metric
system with all input and output data convert-
ed.
The functions are extremely complex and no
simple solution for a PC has been published
before. Accuracy and speed is obtained using
interpolation in lookup tables.
For all kinds of engineers that use round
pipes, hydraulic specialists, utility workers,
road and site designers, and contractors. The
program is written in a familiar spreadsheet
format to decrease learning time. Many spread-
sheet type commands are incorporated.
Will run on any IBM compatible with 512 K and
either one high density floppy; two low densi-
ty floppies; or a hard disk. Includes a con-
figuration program for most types of monitors
and printers. Display colors can be changed as
preferred.
*******************************
Copyright, 1991. All rights reserved.
WHEELER GRAPHICS, 75 Stelfox Street, Demarest, NJ 07627
Voice Mail 201-767-3689 -- FAX 201-767-5620
2
CONTENTS
SUBJECT PAGE
Running The Program..................2
Introduction.........................2
Economic Impact......................3
Two Hydraulic Element Methods........4
Hydraulic Jump.......................4
Comparisons with Other Equations.....5
Research Needs.......................5
Notes................................5
General Description..................6
Operating the Program................6
Documentation........................9
Verifying the Program...............10
Registration........................10
What Shareware is...................10
Disclaimer-Agreement................11
Registration........................12
Registration Form...................13
Technical Support...................14
RUNNING THE PROGRAM
All of the files should be copied on to a hard disk or a floppy. To
start type:
RUN (or)
RUN PARTFULL
The program operates like a spreadsheet. To change pipe size,
slope, n-value, starting flow, or flow increment, simply overwrite
the highlighted value and press enter. For more details, see
OPERATING THE PROGRAM.
INTRODUCTION
One of the main reasons for writing this program is the complexity
of the equations and methods. It is almost too tedious to compute
depth, velocities and the tendency for hydraulic jump in part full
pipes with gravity flow. This difficulty causes too many engineers
to skip past these calculations when designing sewers or checking
existing.
The common practice is to design drains and sewers based on the
capacity and velocities when flowing full. With this approach the
investigator doesn't have to be concerned with part full depths and
velocities, or hydraulic jump. Hydraulic jump cannot occur in a
full pipe. The reasoning has always been that if the pipe and slope
is adequate when flowing full, it will be adequate when part full.
Therefore why bother with hours of complex calculations?
3
Actually, a gravity flow pipe almost never flows full. In most
cases, the pipe must carry whatever flow rate that is put into it
and this rate is constantly changing. This causes hydraulic levels
in the pipe to oscillate up and down.
There are many good reasons why it is necessary to know what
depths, velocities and the tendency for hydraulic jump might be.
For example, it might be desirable to eliminate the possibility of
hydraulic jump. Hydraulic jump causes turbulence, which in turn,
causes the release of sewer gases. In 1991 Kienow reported that
these gases when released can accelerate sewer corrosion. Also,
odors can be released in residential neighborhoods. Jones describes
a pumping station design to avoid wet well turbulence and the res-
ulting odors.
Another reason, is that hydraulic jump can cause unaccounted for
hydraulic losses. The capacity of an existing sewer cannot be
accurately determined under these circumstances.
The advantages of knowing levels and velocities should be obvious.
If the design of a wet well is going to take advantage of unused
sewer volumes to reduce wet well size then there must be confidence
in the calculations. Sediment deposition has always been a design
criteria and minimum sewer velocities should always be calculated
accurately.
ECONOMIC IMPACT
As a rule of thumb, about two-thirds of the cost of a sewerage
system is in the design and construction of sewers. As huge amounts
of money are spent on these systems world-wide, the design should
be as perfect as modern computation methods allow. Computations
methods should not be short cut methods but should be as faultless
as economical methods allow.
Also, a round pipe is probably the most common structure used in
environmental engineering construction. Still, the methods of
computing capacity in some areas may be too difficult for practical
use.
The difference in results can be very large depending on the
computation methods used. For example, consider a case where a
sewer is designed to avoid hydraulic jump at all flow conditions.
If Manning based hydraulic elements are used, then the capacity
will be some 30 percent less than if observation based elements are
employed. A 30 percent difference in capacity would be too much for
many engineers to ignore.
Most are not aware of these and other large differences because of
the difficulty of making comparisons both ways and for all
conditions. Sewer design should be based on full knowledge of all
conditions. A designer should not be required to make assumptions
4
simply because computation methods have not kept pace with
technology.
TWO HYDRAULIC ELEMENT METHODS
The American Society of Civil Engineers in Manual of Practice No.
60 describes two methods of computing the hydraulic elements of a
round pipe. The hydraulic elements are the relation of part full
depth and velocity in relation to full. These two methods use
either a constant or a variable n. The terminology may obscure what
is meant. A variable n means that part full depth and velocity are
based on observations. Also, a fixed n means that the hydraulic
elements are based on values derived from the Manning formula. The
ASCE says that the decision as to what hydraulic elements to be
used "must be left to the engineer." Saatci recently questioned the
use of observed values. On the other hand Escritt espouses that the
use of the "theoretical" values "has been proved a fallacy."
A review of all this information, including Camp's original paper,
suggests that the actual observations cannot be ignored. The use of
the Manning based hydraulic elements may have strong roots in
tradition, but this should not be a basis for sewer design. A
conservative design approach, might be to run calculations both
ways and use the most severe results. Still, economy of con-
struction cannot be disregarded.
The program allows computation both ways but notes that Manning
based hydraulic elements might not be accurate.
HYDRAULIC JUMP
The term hydraulic jump usually means that under conditions of free
flow, the water surface suddenly changes from a low stage to a high
stage. Turbulence results and is the cause of head loss. Hydraulic
jump can occur when the velocity exceeds the critical velocity or
when the depth is less than the critical depth.
There is abundant information available on the occurrence of
hydraulic jump in rectangular channels, but the literature is less
than abundant on circular channels. The program computes the
critical velocity at the actual depth of flow; and the critical
depth at the actual velocity. These are compared by ratios. The
term critical flow, means that flow which produces critical depth
and velocity. If the actual velocity is the same as the critical
velocity then the flow is critical.
The actual depth of flow and velocity is computed by the hydraulic
elements which in turn is computed from the flow formula. Thus the
tendency for hydraulic jump can be influenced by all data input,
including the flow formula, the n value, the slope and the type
hydraulic elements.
5
As both velocity and depth are critical simultaneously, either is
a measure of the tendency for hydraulic jump. The exact point at
which hydraulic jump will start cannot always be determined. If
hydraulic jump is to be avoided then many feel that the critical
velocity and depth must not be within 10 to 20 percent of the
actual.
COMPARISONS WITH OTHER EQUATIONS
There is at least one approximate formula and at least one
nomograph that computes depth directly from the flow and diameter
and does not take into consideration the other variables. These
approximate methods check reasonably well for typical values.
Still, it was found for the same flow and diameter the tendency for
hydraulic jump changes with slope, type of hydraulic elements, head
loss formula, and n value. It is not difficult to get results that
vary 15 percent or more from the true values.
As you run PARTFULL you will see that as input changes, other than
flow and diameter, the tendency for hydraulic jump also changes.
Therefore any Equation or graphic solution that does allow input of
all of the variables will probably not be the most accurate
solution.
RESEARCH NEEDS
Many will contend that more research is needed in the area of
hydraulic elements and hydraulic jump for round pipe. It is
particularly difficult to accept that the hydraulic elements do not
change from a 4-inch to 12-foot diameter pipe. Still, this is what
our current data tells us. This research is especially important as
so much of civilization's infrastructure uses gravity flow round
pipes.
Yet, the best analytical methods available should be used until our
data is updated. It is believed that this program uses the most
current information published. It is also believed that the use of
this program would be faster and more accurate than other methods
proposed.
NOTES
This program produces results of far greater accuracy than is
justified by the hydraulic formulas used. The intent is not to
introduce computational errors by approximations. It should not be
inferred that such accuracy is possible.
Part of this program was developed for a discussion on Saatci's
paper that is expected to be published in the Journal of the ASCE,
Hydraulics Division in 1992.
William Wheeler, P.E. has a bachelor's and master's degree in Civil
Engineering, is a Diplomate in the AAEE and a Fellow in the ASCE.
6
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
RUN.EXE, RUN.OVL, RUN.SET CONFIG.EXE, and PARTFULL.JWK - These are
files in object code for compiled, complete standalone program with
a configuration program. The compiled program does not require the
use of another program and provides filing, display and printing
options. Formulas are hidden and no revisions can be made.
OPERATING THE PROGRAM
RUNNING THE PROGRAM - The program is installed for an EGA monitor.
It will run on CGA, VGA and some monochrome monitors as they are.
If the program does not run, or does not run well, please run the
configuration program. This can be done only after unpacking the
files. To configure type:
C: (A: or B:)>CONFIG <Enter>
The configuration program will give step by step instructions with
menus for selecting the printer, the monitor and will let you
select display colors as you choose.
To run the program type at a DOS prompt:
C: (A: or B:)>RUN <Enter>
The program will prompt the User to select the program displayed.
(Other programs may use the same engines. Also, you may wish to
save customized versions of the program under a different name.
Then, you could call up the version needed for a specific applica-
tion).
OPERATING - As you will see when the program has been loaded, the
program is in spreadsheet format and produces a table of flows,
depths and velocities for a given size and slope of pipe. The
spreadsheet format is probably the most familiar mode among
technical users and should allow intuitive operation for most.
A five line table is the initial display but the table size can be
increased to 40 lines, if desired. Operation is extremely simple
and no menus are needed. Just enter the values you want, overwrit-
ing the (highlighted) values on the screen, and the program will
recalculate the entire table. This can be done using only the
cursor keys and the enter key. Almost no typing is needed.
The program as received will have values already entered. These
values can be overwritten and the program will recalculate after
pressing Enter.
The program calculates depths, velocities and critical velocities
for; both Manning's and Kutter's formula; for both Manning based
and observation based hydraulic elements; and for both the English
and Metric systems of units. The table is prepared from flow input,
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and the starting flow on the first line of the table. The next
value of flow, and subsequent values are spaced by the increment
selected. Any diameter, n value, and pipe length can be input.
Length is not necessary except to compute fall. Note that there is
a "Round-Plcs" number that can be entered or changed. This allows
any degree of rounding desired but does not always change the
number of digits displayed. Also note that there is a "Marginal
Point" that can be changed. This changes the point at which the
condition changes from "OK-subcr" to "Marginal." When either ratio
is greater than the marginal point entered, then the work
"Marginal" will be displayed.
If either the Flow or Flow Increment values are zero, the program
will use default values to calculate a table. For a 5-line display
the flows will be spaced 20 percent apart. For the 40-line display,
they will be 2.5 percent apart. The defaults are automatically
overridden by entering a value in the blank space. This permits the
User to customize the flows to any degree desired.
The function key tasks are as follows:
F1 - Changes the table from the Observed values of hydraulic
elements to the Manning based values. Pressing F1 again toggles the
display back to Observed values. Generally, the observed values are
preferred and should be used is design but there are some instances
where the Manning based values would be used.
F3 - A toggles that changes the table from Manning Formula
values to Kutter Formula and back again. The Manning Formula has
gained widespread use because of its simplicity. Many believe that
the Kutter Formula might be more accurate.
F5 - Changes the table size from five lines to 40 and back to
five lines again. The five line display will recompute must faster.
F6 - Prints the entire page of the table.
F7 - Leaves the program to a DOS prompt.
F10 - Converts values and units from the English System with
flows in mgd, then cfs, and then to the Metric System. If the F10
key is pressed again, units will return to units at the start. All
of the inputs and the outputs are converted. This key lets the
user switch back and forth from the Metric to the English System
and back to the Metric System. Mixed units can be entered while in
the second system. For example, if you are working in the Metric
System but want to enter a 14-inch pipe. First, switch to the
English System, then enter only 14 inches keeping the other data.
Now switch back to the Metric and the conversion will be made.
F2 - Allows the editing of a cell if there is text. Where the
cell value is a computed number, the F2 key will display all of the
digits the rounding digits entered will allow. Changing the "Round-
8
Plcs" number will display more or less digits.
F9 - Recalculates the display. This is only useful if the
recalculation method is changed by the "/-command" menu.
Note that by pressing the "/" key a menu is displayed. This is a
"generic spreadsheet" menu than will enable the User to perform
some filing, formatting and other functions in the same mode as a
spreadsheet. For example, if you want the program to wake up in the
Metric system, with Manning based Values, and with certain discrete
values installed, save the spreadsheet this way using the menu
commands and overwrite the existing file or write a new one.
Previously stored files can be recovered by using this menu. No
changes made this way would affect the packed file. Thus, the
original file can always be recovered.
The "/-command" menu can be useful for changing the width of
columns to either display more digits or have more blank space
between columns. The printing options, such as margins or printing
codes can also be changed. The program wakes up set for 10-pitch
printing but this might not suit your needs.
Suppose, as an example, you are studying a particular section of
sewer and you are publishing this information in a report. It is
necessary to save the display so that it can be recalled without
reentering data or changing the formatting. This can be done by
saving this version of the program using the "/", "F" and "S" keys,
in order. You will then be asked to insert the new file name, and
the file will be saved with the data entered.
The command menu works similar to spreadsheet programs and has many
other uses. Please see a typical User's Manual on spreadsheets for
operating details.
If you have several versions of this program stored under different
names, then typing "RUN" alone will allow you to choose the program
desired. The "/-F-R" command can be used instead.
The compiled program has an advantage in that formulas cannot be
either viewed or changed. This, of course, can be a disadvantage if
you want to change a formula. There are some unprotected cells on
the top of the table that can be overwritten if a project or an
author's name is to be inserted before printing or saving.
By pressing the TAB key several times, the lookup tables will be
displayed. Lookup table values can be overwritten but this is not
advised. Also displayed will be the unit names and conversions
values. These can be changed if desired, but the order of rotation
is fixed. For example, you might prefer "Feet" to "Ft". Changing
the conversion constants is also possible except for the primary
flow value.
The program wakes up with the Global Protection on. This means that
9
cells that only the highlighted can be changed. By disabling the
Global Protection all areas, except those with formulas can be
overwritten. This could be a useful feature if the program is
operated by non-English speaking Users or there are special
terminology requirements.
DOCUMENTATION
METHODOLOGY - Both programs perform interpolations from lookup
tables for computing depth of flow in the pipe, the velocity and
the critical velocity. Unit conversion and lookup interpolations
are made by revising the values in a table by transferring them
from other tables. The formulas are not changed.
Logic is written in equations that prevents any flow greater
than full flow from being used. The hydraulic elements show
that flow can sometimes be greater than full flow at between
80 percent and 100 percent of depth. This is considered as an
unstable condition and has been eliminated for that reason.
This upper limit that changes pipe depth to full can be
revised, if desired.
Hydraulic elements are from the American Society of Civil Engineers
Manual of Practice No. 60, "Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design and
Construction, 1982, Figure 5-21. From this Figure, Manning based
hydraulic elements are for n and f constant. Observed hydraulic
elements are from n and f variable with depth. Equations for this
data are best solved with lookup tables. Points in the tables are
spaced 1 percent apart so that straight line interpolation can be
very accurate. (Accuracy is much greater than is justified by the
data).
The tendency for hydraulic jump is assumed to be a function of the
critical velocity and depth. As the actual velocity and depth
approach the critical velocity and depth, the possible occurrence
of hydraulic jump increases. Critical velocity and depth is
calculated using long accepted critical velocity equations, again
using lookup.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PROBLEMS - The size of the program has been
optimized for IBM compatible 16-bit computers running at 12 to 16
Hz and with a coprocessor. Some older computers may run the program
slowly. It should take about 4 to 8 seconds to recompute the entire
40-line table with a 16-bit machine and a coprocessor. The
five-line table should be recalculated in a blink. If your machine
is much slower, or you don't have a coprocessor, you may want to
operate only in the five-line mode. This would probably give you
adequate information.
The program should run on any IBM compatible computer with 512K
memory. A coprocessor is not necessary but is recommended. The
program will run on machines with only two 360 K floppies and no
hard disk. You may need another computer to rearrange the files so
10
they will fit in the right order on each floppy. The files RUN.OVL
and CONFIG.EXE should be installed on the second floppy and all
others on the first. It would also be helpful if the path was set:
A:>PATH A:,B: <Enter>.
VERIFYING THE PROGRAM
The methods for solving both hydraulic elements and hydraulic jump
criteria, are extremely complex. Many equations, graphs and a
definition sketch are necessary for full understanding. Unfortu-
nately, the limitations of an ASCII file does not allow this
information to be presented here. Also, much of this information
had to be specially developed for this program and is not available
from other references.
As a result, the computational results of the program will be
difficult to verify. To assist in this verification and to permit
full understanding of the program, the following information is
available:
- Equations used
- The references for these equations, or how they were derived
- Other approximate methods used for independent cross
checking
- Specially developed tables of hydraulic elements, critical
depth and velocity
It is strongly recommended that before the program is used on real
world problems, the equations and computational results be
verified. This is not only needed to ensure that the results are
accurate but also to confirm that the User knows what is meant by
the terminology and expressions used.
Detailed information will be sent to assist in verification when
the program is registered.
REGISTRATION
PARTFULL is shareware. No sales commissions or fees are paid. No
demo disks are sent because the full program is available on a
trial basis.
For information on customized versions or site licenses please
call or FAX.
WHAT SHAREWARE IS
Shareware distribution gives users a chance to try software
before buying it. If you try a Shareware program and continue
using it, you are expected to register.
11
Shareware is a distribution method, not a type of software. The
Shareware system makes fitting your needs easier, because you can
try before you buy. And because the overhead is low, prices are
low also. Shareware has the ultimate money-back guarantee -- if
you don't use the product, you don't pay for it.
DISCLAIMER - AGREEMENT
Users of PARTFULL must accept this disclaimer of warranty:
"PARTFULL is supplied as is. The author disclaims all warran-
ties, expressed or implied, including, without limitation, the
warranties of merchantability and of fitness for any purpose. The
author assumes no liability for damages, direct or consequential,
which may result from the use of PARTFULL."
PARTFULL is a "shareware program" and is provided at no charge
to the user for evaluation. Feel free to share it with your
friends, but please do not give it away altered or as part of
another system. The essence of "user-supported" software is to
provide personal computer users with quality software without
high prices, and yet to provide incentive for programmers to
continue to develop new products. If you find this program
useful and find that you are using PARTFULL and continue to use
PARTFULL after a 30 DAY trial period, you must make a registra-
tion payment of $15. to Wheeler Graphics. The $15. registration
fee will license one copy for use on any one computer at any one
time. You must treat this software just like a book. An example
is that this software may be used by any number of people and may
be freely moved from one computer location to another, so long as
there is no possibility of it being used at one location while
it's being used at another. Just as a book cannot be read by two
different persons at the same time.
Users of PARTFULL must register and pay for their copies of
PARTFULL within 30 days of first use or their license is with-
drawn. Anyone distributing PARTFULL for any kind of remuneration
must first contact Wheeler Graphics for authorization.
Teachers may distribute PARTFULL but they must not charge for the
program. The verification data given when the program is regis-
tered cannot be copied and can only be distributed by Wheeler
Graphics.
This authorization will be automatically granted to distributors
recognized by the (ASP) as adhering to its guidelines for
shareware distributors, and such distributors may begin offering
PARTFULL immediately (However Wheeler Graphics must still be
advised so that the distributor can be kept up-to-date with the
latest version of PARTFULL).
You are encouraged to pass a copy of PARTFULL along to your
friends for evaluation. A User's Manual is on disk that can also
be distributed. Please encourage them to register their copy if
12
they find that they can use it.
REGISTRATION
All registered users will receive the following:
- A printed description of how the program operates and
the methods used for making the calculations.
- Equations used in the program for hydraulic elements
and hydraulic jump. Also the source of these equations
or how they were derived.
- Graphs and figures essential for the verification and
understanding of the program.
- Selected references
- Tables for the quick solution of hydraulic elements,
critical velocity and depth for those instances where a
rapid verification of conditions is necessary, or a
computer is not available. Instructions for use of the
tables with an example is included.
The registration fee does not include a floppy disk with the
latest version of the program. If the most recent version is
desired there is an additional copying and mailing charge of $15.
If both an additional program disk and a registration is desired,
the fee is $30. New Jersey residents please add sales tax. Please
send to:
Wheeler Graphics
75 Stelfox Street, Demarest, NJ 07627
Voice Mail . . . . . 201-767-3689
FAX . . . . . . . . 201-767-5620
Development of new software related to PARTFULL and in the
environmental field will continue. Your financial support will be
greatly appreciated. It will put more resources to work and will
make available more new software sooner.
REGISTRATION FORM
For your convenience a Registration Form/Invoice that can be
printed or copied, is on the next page:
13
*****************************************************************
REGISTRATION FORM AND INVOICE
*****************************************************************
Date:___________________
Mail to: Wheeler Graphics
75 Stelfox Street
Demarest, NJ 07627
PO # (If Needed)___________________
From:____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_____Enclosed is a check for $15. Please register the program and
send me all of the verification information including equations,
sources, derivations, graphs, figure, tables, instructions and
references.
_____Enclosed is a check for $30. Please register the program and
send me all of the verification information as described above.
Also send me a copy of the latest version of the program. Please
send copy on a ________5-inch, or a________3.5-inch size disk.
New Jersey residents please include sales tax. Only checks drawn
on a US bank in US funds can be honored. Cost of transfer of
other funds is prohibitively expensive.
Comments are welcome. Are there any changes or additions you
would like to see incorporated?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
14
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
Free technical support is offered at the above address and
telephone numbers. Support is offered to all Users whether
registered or unregistered.
PRINTING THIS MANUAL - This manual has been written an ASCII
format and should be read by almost any word processor. Using a
word processor would give the User control over printing and
allows formatting. This file also can be printed (without control
and formatting) by using the DOS commands:
A:>PRINT USER-MAN.DOC <Enter>
